( B) Apoptosis rates of Raw264.7 cells were measured by flow cytometry at 48 hours after incubation of PBS, Gd-DTPA (500 nM), and the Gd-NPs (10 μM, 1 μM, 500 nM, and 100 nM). Notes: ( A) Cell viability of L929 cells incubated with different concentrations (10 μM, 1 μM, and 100 nM) of the Gd-NPs for 24 and 48 hours. ( A– B) Cell viability and apoptosis in vitro on the Gd-NPs and ( D– E) toxicity data of adaptive immunity were measured by flow cytometry 48 hours after injection in BALB/c mice (15 μmol/kg, mean ± SD, n=5). This may lead to their utility as molecular imaging contrast agents in MR imaging for cancer diagnosis.Ĭytotoxicity gadolinium immunotoxicity molecular imaging. Collectively, the single step preparation of Gd-NPs by laser ablation in liquid produces particles with satisfactory cytotoxicity, minimal immunotoxicity, and efficient MR contrast. Furthermore, dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of xenografted murine tumors were obtained after intravenous administration of the Gd-NPs. Approximately 50% of the Gd is excreted via the hepatobiliary system within 4 weeks. Biodistribution data reveal a greater accumulation of the Gd-NPs in the liver, spleen, lung, and tumor than in the kidney, heart, and brain. No significant differences were found in cell viability, apoptosis, and immunotoxicity between our Gd-NPs and Gd in a DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) chelator. The results show the toxicity, and in vivo MR data show that these NPs are a good contrast agent for preclinical applications. In this article, we systematically studied the Gd-NPs' cytotoxicity, apoptosis in vitro, immunotoxicity, blood circulation half-life, biodistribution and excretion in vivo, as well as pharmacodynamics. To date, there is no systematic toxicity data available for Gd-NPs prepared by laser ablation in liquid. Poor toxicity characterization is one obstacle to the clinical deployment of SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles (Gd-NPs) for use as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agents.
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